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Drafting (dog)

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(Redirected from Dryland mushing)
For the two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, see Dogcart.

A drafting dog, 1915
Dog pulling a carriage, Poland 2003

Drafting (also known as carting) is a dog sport or activity in which a dog (usually a large breed) pulls a cart or wagon filled with supplies, such as farm goods, camping equipment, groceries or firewood, but sometimes pulling people.

History

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Drafting involves dogs pulling a cart or wagon, a task historically performed by certain breeds to assist farmers with transporting goods.[1][2]: 8  Pottery depicting drafting has been found in ancient Greece and Rome dating back to the 2nd century BC.[2]: 13  Roman Emperor Elagabalus was known to use drafting dogs, as described by historian Lampridius:

His four powerful dogs were not only fed from geese livers, but also attached to a carriage to drive inside his palace and on his lands.[2]: 14 

Humanist Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) described witnessing drafting, writing:

In my youth, there was in Brussels an English dog breed, large and strong, employed by a tanner to pull his chariot full of skins to the market.[2]: 15 

Dog carts pulled by two or more dogs were historically used in Belgium and the Netherlands for delivering milk, bread, and other goods.[3] In 1725, Martin Pegius noted in his book Fleischerbunde in Belgien (The Butchers' Dogs in Belgium) that dogs were commonly used to pull carts to and from markets, often without human accompaniment.[2]: 15 

Typical cart of a fisherman, Canada 1904

Among the nobility, these conveyances were frequently used recreationally. Ladies at court would race through the parks. In 1608, Louis XIII was seen guiding a small carriage pulled by two mastiffs, through the Grand Gallery of the Louvre.[2]: 15 

Drafting continued through the early 19th century as a practical means of transportation, particularly in rural areas. They served various purposes, including transporting goods, assisting in farming tasks, and even carrying passengers. In early Victorian Britain, dogcarts were associated with bakers, and when they used the area reserved for pedestrians, were considered a nuisance.[4] In 1839, the Metropolitan Police Act introduced a ban on their use within a 15-mile radius of Charing Cross, citing both concerns for animal welfare and public health. Overworked dogs were believed to be more vulnerable to rabies, and a notable decline in reported cases followed by 1841 seemed to support this view. That same year, a nationwide ban on dog-drawn carts was enacted across the United Kingdom.[5]

LVI – Dog Carts, &c. prohibited after 1st January 1840.

And be it enacted, That after the First Day of January next every Person who within the Metropolitan Police District shall use any Dog for the Purpose of drawing or helping to draw any Cart, Carriage, Truck, or Barrow shall be liable to a Penalty not more than Forty Shillings for the First Offence, and not more than Five Pounds for the Second or any following Offence.
— Metropolitan Police Act 1839, section 56; repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973]

The legislation was not without opposition. Critics, particularly small traders who relied on dog carts as an affordable means of transporting goods, voiced concerns about the economic impact of the ban. Some even mocked the bill as trivial, suggesting that if dogs were prohibited from pulling carts, then Shetland ponies should also be banned under the same logic.[5]

During World War I, some military units utilized dog carts to transport supplies and equipment. The Belgian Army, for instance, employed large, strong dogs to pull carts carrying machine guns and ammunition, finding them more cost-effective and maneuverable than horses in certain terrains.[6][7] The use of dog carts began to decline in the early 20th century due to advancements in motorized vehicles and concerns over animal welfare. In Britain, for example, the practice was prohibited in the early 1900s, leading to tragic outcomes for many working dogs who were abandoned or euthanized when they could no longer serve their purpose.[7] Dogs were used by the Soviet Army in World War II to pull carts containing a stretcher for wounded soldiers.[8]

Practice

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Today, drafting is a recreational activity that allows dogs to engage in purposeful work, which can be both mentally and physically fulfilling.[2]: 10  Drafting may be done competitively and drafting as a sport is also known as dryland mushing and is practiced all around the world, often to keep winter sled dogs in competition form during the off-season.[9][10][11][12] Often bikejoring is also included as a type of drafting.[2]: 8 

Equipment

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A cart pulled by one or more dogs is often called a dogcart, though not to be confused with a dogcart which is a specific type of horse-drawn vehicle that originally carried dogs to a hunt.[citation needed] The dog pulls the cart using a specially fitted harness designed to distribute the weight.[13]: 284 

A variety of carting is sulky driving, where a dog or dogs pull a person in a vehicle called a sulky. This sport offers both exercise and discipline opportunities for energetic breeds. Many working breeds are happier when given a job or task, and carting/sulky driving can be a rewarding hobby for both dog and owner.[13]: 283 

The sulky is designed to have little to no weight on the dog's back. A widely used model is the dorsal hitch, which involves only one shaft from the sulky that has negative weight[further explanation needed] on the dog's harness. The dorsal hitch also allows easier going for the dog, with free range of movement as opposed to confining shafts on either side. This often simplifies initial training to the sulky, as the single high shaft does not interfere with the dog's movement.[citation needed]

Drafting Breeds

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A Black Russian Terrier pulling a modern utility wagon, 2006

Dogs used for drafting are known as drafting dogs, pulling dog, or draft dog (also spelt draught dog).[citation needed] Many dog breeds were bred for drafting and continue to excel and enjoy the activity due to their strength, work ethic, and temperament including Newfoundland dogs, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs, Saint Bernards, and Leonbergers​[1] as well as the Rottweiler, Bouvier des Flandres[14] and the Belgian Mastiff.[2]: 9 

The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was a large working dog used by butchers, cattle dealers, manual workers and farmers, who used them as guard dogs, droving and draught dogs.[15][16]

The Bernese Mountain Dog is a large working dog with a calm temperament ideal for pulling a cart, as they used to do in Switzerland. More recently they have been used to pull carts to give children rides, or to appear in parades.[17]

While many dog breeds have a history of drafting, any healthy dog with a sound temperament can be used as long as the cart or wagon are within their abilities.[13]: 285 

A modern two-wheeled dogcart with a dorsal hitch

In culture

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Dog-drawn carts were frequently depicted in literature and art.[3] The Dutch-Belgian artist Henriëtte Ronner-Knip (1821–1909) painted many pictures in the Romantic style of drafting dogs pulling dogcarts.[18] Sled dogs were used to pull equipment and men efficiently over the snow and ice on Roald Amundsen's 1911 expedition to the South Pole.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Mansourian, Erika. "Breeds Who Enjoy Drafting Just for the Haul of it". www.akc.org. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lavigne, Guillaume de (1 January 2014). THE DRAFT DOG, past and present. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-291-67128-5.
  3. ^ a b Dogcarts & Lioncarts. The Messybeast.
  4. ^ Robinson, William (1842). The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Stoke Newington in the County of Middlesex: Containing an Account of the Prebendal Manor, the Church, Charities, Schools, Meeting Houses, &c., with Appendices . p. 18. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  5. ^ a b Koszary, Adam (14 October 2014). "Dog Carts: Travel in style". The Museum of English Rural Life. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  6. ^ "Dogs in WWI". National WWI Museum and Memorial. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  7. ^ a b "Dogcarts". Dogcarts and Lioncarts. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019. Website contains many paintings of drafting dogs pulling dogcarts.
  8. ^ Sella, Amnon (19 August 2005). The Value of Human Life in Soviet Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-97464-1.
  9. ^ Waldbaum, Laura (2011). Carting with Your Dog. Dogwise Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61781-032-9.
  10. ^ "More Sports for All Dogs: Drafting & Carting". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  11. ^ "Dog carting enthusiasts keen to pull in new fans - The Country - The Country News". The New Zealand Herald. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  12. ^ Falson, Sarah (30 June 2017). "Drafting dogs in suburbia". Hawkesbury Gazette. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  13. ^ a b c Miller, Cynthia D. (1999). Canine adventures : fun things to do with your dog. Internet Archive. Yuba City, CA : Animalia Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-9649413-0-4.
  14. ^ Mehus-Roe, Kristin (21 January 2009). Canine Sports & Games: Great Ways to Get Your Dog Fit and Have Fun Together!. Storey Publishing, LLC. pp. 232–237. ISBN 978-1-60342-645-9. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  15. ^ Great Swiss Mountain Dog Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in English), Vertebrate Animals Department, Naturhistoriches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern
  16. ^ Moustaki, Nikk i (2012). Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. CompanionHouse Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59378-722-6.
  17. ^ Young-Knox, Sara (2 December 2012). "Conway celebrates with jolly holiday parade". The Union Leader. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  18. ^ "Henriette Ronner-Knip - Artworks". The Athenaeum. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  19. ^ Huntford, Roland (1985). The Last Place on Earth. London and Sydney: Pan Books. pp. 90, 248. ISBN 0-330-28816-4.
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